Silicon Motion NAND Memory Solutions for Autonomous and Electric Automotive Applications

supporting the astronomically rising need for automobile data

To be successful, the shift to autonomous and electrically powered vehicles and the ensuing change to a centralized vehicle design requires high-performance, high-bandwidth, stable, and secure memory.
90 million automobiles will collect sensor data and make it available online by 2025, according to recent research. A modern car's dashboard integrates a number of cutting-edge "infotainment" technologies that entertain and give the driver important information for safety and even to assist them while driving. Additionally, the GPS and other Advanced Driver Assistance Systems are embedded right into the vehicle, and screens are getting bigger. Some stream music, video, and even games for passengers (ADAS). Sensor, camera, radar, and lidar data are collected by several ADAS features. Despite each attribute having a limited quantity of data, the total is significant.

Autonomy, even if only partial, adds a great deal of data to the mix. ADAS features such as lane keeping, automatic breaking, and adaptive cruise control are data-dependent features, and fully autonomous driving that requires no human intervention at all will require data for the automatic decision-making to happen.

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Connectivity is also driving up data storage requirements on vehicles. Whether it’s Wi-Fi or 5G, connectivity makes it easier to upgrade onboard software. When software becomes easier to upgrade, it’s more likely to be added to a vehicle in the form of new features, bug fixes, and security patches.

The modern vehicle is also equipped with a great deal of diagnostics capabilities which could become remotely accessible. Like commercial aircraft, cars have their own black boxes to record what happens during an accident and the moments leading up to it. Storage is needed to capture data such as steering input, G-forces on the car, speed, telemetry, and even video and audio. Storage requirements become more specific because a large, sudden burst of data must be written to the device quickly. That storage device must be durable enough to survive a serious impact, and even fire or water damage.

A key design trend in the architecture of intelligent vehicles is the consolidation of many computing capabilities so that the storage can serve a variety of applications in the functions of vehicles while being smart enough to know what takes priority. For example, autonomous functions and entertainment applications might share the same storage pool.

Architecture

The move towards electrified and autonomous vehicles has forced manufacturers to rethink the whole philosophy of how vehicles are designed. Up until now, almost every function in the vehicle had its own ECU to perform measurements and take actions. Each of those ECUs also needs to communicate freely with any other ECU. However, the introduction of advanced functions and features, such as ADAS, has meant that the number of ECUs required for a vehicle to operate has increased dramatically, along with the bandwidth needed for the data that is generated.

That increase in the number of ECUs naturally leads to a rise in the number of parts required to manufacture those ECUs, which, in turn, has led to a corresponding increase in the complexity of vehicle systems, as well as their cost. Even worse for electric vehicles, the additional weight of the ECUs and wiring needed to implement the electrical system has a real negative impact on the range of the vehicle.

All of the new features in vehicles rely on producing, processing, and storing vast amounts of data. The manufacturers of these vehicles see a centralized solution as the best way to be able to handle that data. From having separate ECUs for each function, designs are migrating to having a single ECU to take care of multiple tasks, for example, to be in charge of all the functions in a single physical area of the vehicle. These multi-function ECUs are then controlled by a central gateway. In time, that central gateway will take on more tasks, cutting out more peripheral ECUs until there are only a few remote ECUs controlled by a very powerful central computer. The success of that transition relies on memory. As more features are consolidated into fewer ECUs. Those ECUs need to be faster and more powerful, and memory is shared by multiple functions. The central gateway and any other ECUs must be able to access the data they need from storage in a timely manner. Storage needs to be reliable, especially in the case of mission-critical applications. It needs to be secure, and it needs to have a lifespan to match the vehicle’s owner.

Solutions

The ever-growing quantities of digital data that must be processed and stored, mean automotive system designers now prefer NAND flash devices over rotational media for mass storage because of their reliability and tolerance for wide temperature ranges as well as large capacities in small form factors. Any NAND flash storage device must keep pace with capacity requirements, low latency, and performance by delivering fast read and write speeds and high data throughput. Despite this consolidation, there will be a variety of different NAND storage types to support the required data storage demands in autonomous and electric vehicles.

In addition to meeting automotive grade qualifications, storage devices are expected to last for as long as the vehicle is on the road. NAND flash storage solutions such as embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC), Universal Flash Storage (UFS) and Solid-State Drives (SSD) are readily being adopted by automakers, Tier 1 systems designers, and other key stakeholders in the automotive supply chain for performance, reliability, longevity, and security considerations.

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